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When the British ended up completely replacing the Muslim ruling class in the government of India, the Islamic minority that for centuries had administered a largely Hindu population (except in some areas, such as East Bengal, where mass conversions to ‘Islam had produced a Muslim majority) adapted less quickly than Hindus to the new situation created with the advent of the British. Although the Muslim part of the population participated in the attempt to formulate nationalist political demands together, Islam,…

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From the secession of the Bangla Desh to the bases of the Afghan resistance Despite a slight improvement in the early 1960s, the country’s economic situation remained difficult; growing discontent resulted in a wave of unrest that overwhelmed Ayyub Khan, who was replaced in March 1969 by General Yahya Khan; the latter, after having suppressed the protest, called elections by direct universal suffrage for a national assembly with constituent powers. The success of the progressive Pakistani People’s Party (PPP), led…

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Islam in India The first Arab raids into Indian territory immediately followed the great conquests that occurred under Caliph Omar in the 7th century and continued under the Umayyads. However, the real Muslim conquest was the work of the Turks, to whom Islam had given the strength of internal cohesion and strong political and cultural ties with other Islamic peoples. The driving force behind their power was Ghazni in Afghanistan, the capital of a vast empire which, with Mahmud of…

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Literature Pakistan has numerous literary languages, of which the main ones are: urdū, official in the country, bengalī, panjābī, sindhī, pashtō and belūcī. Literature in urdū, the most important in Pakistan despite urdū being the mother tongue of any resident of the state, reached the apex of formal perfection in the 19th century. with the poet Ghālib of Delhi and with the prose writer Sir Sayyid Aḥmed Khān. The most notable Muslim poet of the 20th century. it was M….

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The aridity of the climate and the poverty of the soils only allow a form of extensive agriculture, based on cereal cultivation (1975: wheat, 76.7 million q; millet, 3.1 million; sorghum, 3.7 million; rice 38.1 million; barley 1.3 million q; corn, 7.8 million). The spread of irrigation practices, thanks to some barriers on the Indus (Lloyd dam near Multan, and Tarbela dam, also under construction by Italian companies) has favored the development of crops such as cotton (10.2 million q…

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In the current Pakistani territory, apart from English, there are five literary languages: urdū, panjābī, paštū, sindhī and balūčī. L ‘ Urdu is the official language of the country and it is understood and spoken by virtually all its residents. The others are the regional languages ​​of the Pakistani provinces: the panjābī of Panjab, the paštū of the North-West Frontier province, the sindhī of Sind and the balūčī of the Balūčistān. All use the characters of the Arab-Persian alphabet for…

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